Surah At-Tawbah (Chapter 9) is one of the most direct and stern chapters regarding disbelievers and polytheists, particularly in the context of treaties, battles, and religious integrity.
🔹 Surah 9:1
"Freedom from obligation [is declared] from Allah and His Messenger to those with whom you made a treaty among the polytheists."
— Explicit mention of polytheists (mushrikun).
🔹 Surah 9:3
"...Allah is free from obligation to the polytheists, and so is His Messenger..."
— Reiterates separation from idolaters.
🔹 Surah 9:5 (“Verse of the Sword”)
"And when the sacred months have passed, then kill the polytheists wherever you find them, capture them and besiege them and lie in wait for them at every place of ambush. But if they repent, establish prayer, and give zakah, let them go their way. Indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful."
— One of the most cited and debated verses referring to mushrikun.
🔹 Surah 9:7–8
"How can there be a treaty with the polytheists while, if they gain dominance over you, they do not observe concerning you any pact..."
— Questions trustworthiness of idol worshipers.
🔹 Surah 9:12
"But if they break their oaths after their treaty and defame your religion, then fight the leaders of disbelief..."
— Targets leaders of kufr (disbelief).
🔹 Surah 9:17
"It is not for the polytheists to maintain the mosques of Allah while witnessing against themselves with disbelief..."
— Denies polytheists access to mosques.
🔹 Surah 9:23–24
"O you who have believed, do not take your fathers or your brothers as allies if they have preferred disbelief over belief..."
— Strong admonition against alliances with kuffar.
🔹 Surah 9:28
"O you who have believed, indeed the polytheists are unclean, so let them not approach al-Masjid al-Haram after this year..."
— Bans polytheists from the sacred mosque.
🔹 Surah 9:29
"Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful and who do not adopt the religion of truth from those who were given the Scripture – [fight] until they give the jizyah willingly while they are humbled."
— Addresses non-Muslims, particularly People of the Book, but also linked to disbelievers.
🔹 Surah 9:30
"The Jews say, 'Ezra is the son of Allah'; and the Christians say, 'The Messiah is the son of Allah.' That is their statement from their mouths; they imitate the saying of those who disbelieved before..."
— Equates Christian and Jewish theological claims with disbelief.
🔹 Surah 9:34–35
"...And those who hoard gold and silver and spend it not in the way of Allah – give them tidings of a painful punishment..."
— Often linked to hypocrites and disbelievers.
🔹 Surah 9:38–39
"O you who have believed, what is [the matter] with you that, when you are told to go forth in the cause of Allah, you cling heavily to the earth?... If you do not go forth, He will punish you with a painful punishment..."
— A warning often directed at those reluctant to fight, including hypocrites and disbelievers.
🔹 Surah 9:68
"Allah has promised the hypocrite men and hypocrite women and the disbelievers the fire of Hell..."
— Groups hypocrites and disbelievers (kuffar) together.
🔹 Surah 9:73–74
"O Prophet, fight against the disbelievers and the hypocrites and be harsh upon them..."
— Clear command to oppose both kuffar and hypocrites.
🔹 Surah 9:80–84
"Whether you ask forgiveness for them or do not ask forgiveness for them – even if you should ask forgiveness for them seventy times – never will Allah forgive them..."
— Refers to hypocrites, often equated with internal disbelievers.
🔹 Surah 9:113
"It is not for the Prophet and those who have believed to ask forgiveness for the polytheists, even if they were relatives..."
— Strong stance on polytheists even within families.
🔹 Surah 9:123
"O you who have believed, fight those adjacent to you of the disbelievers and let them find in you harshness..."
— Final directive in this chapter addressing disbelievers.
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