Book of Tribulations and Portents of the Last Hour (Kitab al-Fitan)
Narrated by Abu Huraira (RA):
The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said:
“The Hour will not be established until you fight the Jews. The Jew will hide behind stones or trees, and the stone or the tree will say: ‘O Muslim, O servant of Allah! There is a Jew behind me; come and kill him’ — except the Gharqad tree, for it is one of the trees of the Jews.”
— (Sahih Muslim 2922 a)
Narrated Abdullah bin Mas‘ud:
"When the Prophet ﷺ entered Mecca on the day of the Conquest, there were 360 idols around the Ka‘bah. He started stabbing them with a stick he had in his hand, reciting: 'Truth has come and falsehood has vanished. Surely falsehood is ever bound to vanish.'"
— (Qur'an 17:81)
(Sahih al-Bukhari 4287)
"...There were 360 idols fixed around the Ka‘bah. The Prophet ﷺ started striking them with his stick and reciting: 'The truth has come and falsehood has perished.'"
Pre-Islamic Kaaba was a central shrine of pagan worship in Arabia.
The Quraysh and other tribes had placed 360 idols, representing their gods, inside and around the Kaaba.
Upon the conquest of Mecca (630 CE), Prophet Muhammad ﷺ entered the Kaaba and cleansed it of all idols, restoring it to the monotheistic worship of Allah alone, as originally intended by Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham).
Surah An-Nisa (4:11):
"Allah instructs you concerning your children: for the male, what is equal to the share of two females..."
Criticism: Women are granted only half the inheritance compared to men, which is seen as unequal treatment under a modern lens of gender equity.
Surah Al-Baqarah (2:282):
"...and bring to witness two witnesses from among your men. And if there are not two men [available], then a man and two women..."
Criticism: Suggests that a woman’s testimony is worth half that of a man’s, implying intellectual or moral inferiority.
Surah An-Nisa (4:34):
"Men are in charge of women... As to those women on whose part you fear disobedience — admonish them, refuse to share their beds, and [lastly] strike them [lightly]."
Criticism: Allows husbands to physically discipline their wives, raising concerns about sanctioning domestic violence.
Surah An-Nisa (4:3):
"…then marry those that please you of [other] women, two or three or four. But if you fear that you will not be just, then [marry only] one…"
Criticism: Permits men to have multiple wives while women cannot have multiple husbands, reinforcing patriarchal structures.
Surah An-Nisa (4:34):
"Righteous women are devoutly obedient, guarding in [the husband's] absence what Allah would have them guard…"
Criticism: Prescribes obedience from women to men, seen as promoting male authority and female subservience.
Surah Al-Baqarah (2:228):
"…And men have a degree over them [women]…"
Criticism: Establishes male superiority, interpreted as a foundational basis for gender hierarchy.
Surah At-Talaq (65:6):
"Lodge them [the divorced women] where you dwell, according to your means…"
Criticism: Assumes financial and housing control lies with men, reinforcing the idea of women’s dependency.
Surah Al-Baqarah (2:222):
"And they ask you about menstruation. Say, it is harm, so keep away from women during menstruation…"
Criticism: Frames menstruation as harmful or impure, which can perpetuate stigma against natural biological processes.
Surah At-Talaq (65:4):
"And those who no longer expect menstruation among your women – if you doubt, then their period is three months, and [also] for those who have not menstruated…"
Criticism: Suggests the legality of marriage and divorce procedures involving girls who have not yet begun menstruation, interpreted as supporting child marriage.
Sahih Muslim 1731a
Book: The Book of Jihad and Expedition (Kitab al-Jihad wa’l-Siyar)
Narrated by Abu Sa‘id al-Khudri:
"At the Battle of Awtas, some of the Companions of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ were reluctant to have relations with the captive women because of their husbands among the polytheists. So Allah revealed the verse:
'And women already married, except those whom your right hands possess...'
— (Qur'an 4:24)This means they were lawful for them once they were taken as captives."
📝 Explanation:
This hadith refers to female captives taken during battles, and it clarifies that relations with them were permitted under Islamic law after due process, such as confirming their status as prisoners.
The phrase “whom your right hands possess” is a Qur’anic term referring to captives or slaves.
Sahih al-Bukhari 2542
Book: Military Expeditions
Narrated by Abu Musa al-Ash‘ari:
"The Prophet ﷺ sent me and Mu‘adh bin Jabal to Yemen. I asked him, 'O Allah’s Messenger! What about the spoils of war?' He replied, 'It is for Allah and His Messenger.' Then it will be distributed..."
📝 This implies that captives were part of the spoils of war and would be distributed according to set rules, including the possibility of ransom, release, or integration into Muslim households.
Qur'an 23:5-
“And they who guard their private parts – Except from their wives or those their right hands possess, for indeed, they are not to be blamed.”
— This verse is commonly cited in both the Qur'an and hadiths to permit relations with legally acquired female slaves (ma malakat aymanukum) without it being considered fornication or adultery.
Narrated Abu Sa‘id Al-Khudri:
“We got female captives in the Battle of Hunayn and we desired them, but we refrained from sleeping with them because of their husbands among the polytheists. Then the verse was revealed: ‘Also (forbidden are) women already married, except those whom your right hands possess.’ (Qur'an 4:24)”
— This hadith indicates that after the appropriate legal and religious conditions were met (such as confirmation of captivity and waiting periods), relations were permitted.
Narrated Anas bin Malik:
“The Prophet had a female slave with whom he had relations. Aisha and Hafsa would constantly bother him about her...”
— This refers to Maria al-Qibtiyya, a slave gifted to the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ from Egypt, with whom he had a son (Ibrahim). She was later freed, a common practice in Islam called “umm al-walad” (a slave mother of a child).
“A man will not be asked why he beat his wife or his slave.”
— This reflects the legal norms of the time but has been heavily critiqued and recontextualized by later scholars, particularly in light of modern ethics and women’s rights.
2:6-7
"Indeed, those who disbelieve — it is all the same for them whether you warn them or do not warn them — they will not believe.
Allah has set a seal upon their hearts and upon their hearing, and over their vision is a veil. And for them is a great punishment."
2:24
"But if you do not — and you will never be able to — then fear the Fire whose fuel is men and stones, prepared for the disbelievers."
2:190-191
"Fight in the way of Allah those who fight you but do not transgress. Indeed, Allah does not like transgressors.
And kill them wherever you overtake them and expel them from wherever they have expelled you, and fitnah (persecution) is worse than killing..."
2:193
"Fight them until there is no [more] fitnah and [until] worship is [acknowledged to be] for Allah. But if they cease, then there is to be no aggression except against the oppressors."
2:217
"...And whoever among you reverts from his religion [Islam] and dies while he is a disbeliever — for those, their deeds have become worthless in this world and the Hereafter, and they are the companions of the Fire. They will abide therein eternally."
2:85 (about Israelites)
"...Do you believe in part of the Scripture and reject the rest? Then what is the recompense for those who do that among you except disgrace in worldly life; and on the Day of Resurrection they will be sent back to the severest punishment."
2:88-89
"And they said, 'Our hearts are wrapped.' But, [in fact], Allah has cursed them for their disbelief, so little is it that they believe.
2:159-161
"Indeed, those who conceal what We sent down of clear proofs and guidance after We made it clear for the people in the Scripture — those are cursed by Allah and cursed by those who curse...Except for those who repent and correct themselves and make evident [what they concealed].
But those who disbelieve and die while they are disbelievers — upon them will be the curse of Allah and the angels and the people, all together."
2:161-162
"Indeed, those who disbelieve and die while they are disbelievers — upon them will be the curse of Allah and of the angels and the people, altogether.
Abiding eternally therein; the punishment will not be lightened for them, nor will they be reprieved."
2:6
"Indeed, those who disbelieve—it is all the same for them whether you warn them or do not warn them—they will not believe."
(The term "disbelieve" here refers to the kafir or non-believers.)
2:7
3:10
"Indeed, those who disbelieve — never will their wealth or their children avail them against Allah at all. And it is they who are fuel for the Fire."
3:12
"Say to those who disbelieve, 'You will be overcome and gathered together to Hell, and wretched is the resting place.'"
3:28
"Let not believers take disbelievers as allies rather than believers. And whoever [does that] has nothing [to do] with Allah, unless you are guarding yourselves against them out of prudence."
3:91
"Indeed, those who disbelieve and die while they are disbelievers — never would the [whole] capacity of the earth in gold be accepted from one of them if he would seek to ransom himself with it. For those there will be a painful punishment, and they will have no helpers."
3:151
"We will cast terror into the hearts of those who disbelieve for what they have associated with Allah of which He had not sent down authority..."
3:12
"Say to those who have disbelieved, 'You will be overcome and gathered to Hell, and wretched is the resting place.'"
(This refers to kafirs or non-believers.)
3:19
4:34
"Men are the protectors and maintainers of women because Allah has made one of them to excel over the other and because they spend of their wealth (for the support of women). So good women are the obedient, guarding in the husband's absence what Allah would have them guard. As for those from whom you fear disobedience, admonish them and refuse to share their beds, and beat them. But if they return to obedience, seek not against them any means. Indeed, Allah is ever Exalted and Grand."
(This verse refers to the roles and relationships between men and women, but kafir or non-believers are not explicitly mentioned here.)
4:56
"Indeed, those who disbelieve in Our verses—We will burn them in a Fire. Every time their skins are burned through, We will replace them with skins other than they that they may taste the punishment. Indeed, Allah is ever Exalted in Might and Wise."
(Refers to disbelievers and the severe punishment they will face in the Hereafter.)
4:74
"Let those fight in the way of Allah who sell the life of this world for the Hereafter. And whoever fights in the way of Allah—whether killed or victorious—we will grant him a great reward."
(Refers to those who fight in the path of Allah, contrasting them with non-believers.)
4:76
"Those who believe fight in the cause of Allah, and those who disbelieve fight in the cause of taghut (false gods). So fight against the allies of Satan. Indeed, the plot of Satan has ever been weak."
(Contrasts believers with disbelievers who fight in the cause of falsehood.)
4:84
"So fight in the way of Allah; you are not held responsible except for yourself. And urge the believers to fight. Perhaps Allah will restrict the effort of those who disbelieve, and Allah is stronger in terms of might and punishment."
(This verse encourages believers to fight in Allah's way, distinguishing them from disbelievers.)
4:89
"They wish you would disbelieve as they have disbelieved, so that you would be alike. So do not take from among them allies until they migrate in the way of Allah. But if they turn away, then seize them and kill them wherever you find them, and take no ally or helper from among them."
(Refers to disbelievers who wish for the believers to become like them.)
4:91
"You will find others who wish to obtain security from you and security from their people. Every time they are returned to trial, they succumb to it. So if they do not withdraw from you or offer you peace or restrain their hands, then seize them and kill them wherever you find them. Against them We have given you clear authorization."
(Refers to disbelievers who pose a threat to the believers.)
4:161
"And [for] their taking of usury while they had been forbidden it and their consuming of the wealth of people unjustly. And We have prepared for the disbelievers among them a painful punishment."
(Refers to disbelievers who commit various injustices.)
4:155
"And [We cursed them] for their disbelief and their saying against Mary a great slander."
(This refers to the disbelief and slander of certain people, indicating non-believers.)
4:153
"The people of the Scripture ask you to bring down to them a book from the heaven. But they had asked Musa for even greater than that, and they said, 'Show us Allah outright.' So the thunderbolt struck them for their wrongdoing. Then they took the calf and [in repentance] We forgave them, and We gave Musa clear authority."
(Refers to the disbelievers who demand signs despite past blessings.)
4:167
"Indeed, those who disbelieve and commit wrongdoings—Allah will never forgive them, and He will never guide them to a way."
(Refers to the fate of disbelievers who continue in their wrongdoings.)
4:168
"Except for those who repent, believe and do righteous work. For them Allah will replace their evil deeds with good. And ever is Allah Forgiving and Merciful."
(Contrast between those who disbelieve and those who repent and believe.)
4:169
"Those are the ones who will be punished for their disbelief, and will be among those who are denied mercy and will dwell in the Fire forever."
(Refers to disbelievers who will face eternal punishment.)
4:173
"Indeed, those who have believed and done righteous deeds—those are the best of creatures."
(Contrast to disbelievers who do not follow the righteous path.)
"But those who disbelieve and deny Our signs – they are the companions of Hellfire."
— Refers to those who disbelieve (kafaru) and reject divine signs.
"They have certainly disbelieved who say that Allah is Christ, the son of Mary..."
— Targets Christians who identify Jesus as divine; labels them as disbelievers (kafaru).
"Indeed, the penalty for those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger and strive upon earth [to cause] corruption is none but that they be killed or crucified..."
— While not using the term "kafir" explicitly, this refers to rebellious non-believers or enemies of Islam.
"Indeed, those who disbelieve – if they should have all that is in the earth and the like of it with it to ransom themselves from the punishment of the Day of Resurrection, it will not be accepted from them..."
— Clearly mentions disbelievers (alladhina kafaru).
"As to the thief, male or female, cut off their hands: a punishment by way of example, from Allah, for their crime..."
— While the word kafir is not used, this verse is often cited in context of legal rulings applicable under Islamic law, including for non-Muslims in certain cases.
"...Among those who say, 'We are Christians,' We took their covenant; but they forgot a portion of what they were reminded of. So We caused enmity and hatred among them..."
— Refers indirectly to non-believers by describing those who distorted or rejected divine messages.
"O you who have believed, do not take the Jews and the Christians as allies. They are [in fact] allies of one another..."
— Refers to Jews and Christians in a context that has been controversial; often interpreted as addressing issues of loyalty and religious identity.
"They have certainly disbelieved who say, 'Allah is the Messiah, the son of Mary'..."
— Explicitly labels such belief as kufr (disbelief).
"They have certainly disbelieved who say, 'Allah is the third of three.' And there is no god except one God..."
— Denounces Trinitarian belief as kufr (disbelief).
"The Messiah, son of Mary, was not but a messenger; [other] messengers have passed on before him..."
— Refutes deification of Jesus, addressing Christian theology.
"But those who disbelieved and denied Our signs – they are the companions of Hellfire."
— Similar to verse 5:10; condemns disbelievers.
"Praise be to Allah, who created the heavens and the earth and made the darkness and the light. Yet those who disbelieve equate [others] with their Lord."
— Mentions disbelievers and their act of associating partners (shirk) with God.
"And no sign comes to them from the signs of their Lord except that they turn away therefrom."
— Refers to the persistent rejection by disbelievers.
"They have denied the truth when it came to them, but there will come to them the news of what they used to ridicule."
— Refers to deniers (kuffar) of divine truth.
"And even if We had sent down to you, [O Muhammad], a written scripture on a page and they touched it with their hands, the disbelievers would say, 'This is nothing but obvious magic.'"
— Disbelievers are shown as persistently denying signs, even with tangible proof.
"...Say: Is it other than Allah I should take as a witness? And this Qur'an has been revealed to me that I may warn you and whomever it reaches. Do you truly testify that there are other gods with Allah? Say, 'I do not testify.' Say, 'He is but one God, and indeed, I am free of what you associate [with Him].'"
— Explicit rejection of polytheism (shirk).
"And who is more unjust than one who invents a lie about Allah or denies His signs? Indeed, the wrongdoers will not succeed."
— Refers to kufr (denial of signs) and attributing falsehoods to God.
"And they prevent [others] from him and are [themselves] remote from him. And they do not destroy except themselves, but they perceive [it] not."
— Refers to those who reject and obstruct belief.
"If you could but see when they will be made to stand before their Lord..."
"...They will bear their burdens and those of others along with their burdens, and they will be questioned on the Day of Resurrection about what they used to fabricate."
— Criticizes the disbelievers' denial of resurrection and their falsehoods.
"Say: Have you considered: if there came to you the punishment of Allah or the Hour – is it other than Allah you would invoke, if you should be truthful?"
— Points to futility of idols/polytheistic gods in times of real crisis.
"And leave those who take their religion as amusement and diversion and whom the worldly life has deluded..."
— Addresses mockers and heedless non-believers.
"Follow what has been revealed to you from your Lord – there is no deity except Him – and turn away from those who associate others with Allah."
"And if Allah had willed, they would not have associated others with Him..."
— Clear mention of mushrikeen (polytheists) and their rejection.
"And likewise, to many of the polytheists their partners have made to seem pleasing the killing of their children..."
— Strong condemnation of mushrik practices, particularly child sacrifice.
"They are lost who killed their children foolishly without knowledge and forbade what Allah had provided for them, inventing falsehood about Allah..."
— Condemns superstitions and idol-based customs among disbelievers.
These verses debate the arguments of polytheists, their fabrications, and rejection of divine proof.
"Indeed, those who have divided their religion and become sects – you are not [associated] with them in anything..."
— Often interpreted to refer to deviation and divisions among non-believers or sectarian splits.
"O children of Adam, let not Satan tempt you as he removed your parents from Paradise... Indeed, he sees you, he and his tribe, from where you do not see them. Indeed, We have made the devils allies to those who do not believe."
— Non-believers are described as being influenced by Satan.
"But those who deny Our signs and are arrogant toward them – those are the companions of the Fire; they will abide therein eternally."
— Refers to deniers (kuffar) of God's signs.
"And who is more unjust than one who invents a lie about Allah or denies His signs?..."
— Targets those who fabricate lies about God and deny divine messages.
"And the companions of the Fire will call to the companions of Paradise, 'Pour upon us some water or from whatever Allah has provided you.' They will say, 'Indeed, Allah has forbidden them both to the disbelievers.'"
— Disbelievers (kafirin) are denied divine blessings in the afterlife.
"[They are] those who took their religion as distraction and amusement and whom the worldly life deluded..."
— Condemns those who mocked religion and indulged in worldly pleasures.
"They said, 'Have you come to us that we should worship Allah alone and leave what our fathers worshipped? Then bring us what you promise us, if you should be of the truthful.'"
— Reflects the attitude of idol worshipers who rejected monotheism.
"He said, 'Already have defilement and anger fallen upon you from your Lord. Do you dispute with me concerning names you have named – you and your fathers – for which Allah has not sent down any authority?..."
— Criticism of idol worship and man-made deities.
"...Do not worship except Allah. He has sent you clear evidence from your Lord..."
— Calls to monotheism, implying that the people addressed are polytheists.
These verses describe leaders and disbelievers among the people of Prophet Shu'ayb who mocked the message of God and threatened believers.
"And We have certainly created for Hell many of the jinn and mankind. They have hearts with which they do not understand... They are like livestock; rather, they are more astray. It is they who are the heedless."
— Refers to those who reject guidance as worse than animals.
"Whomever Allah leaves astray – there is no guide for him. And He leaves them in their transgression, wandering blindly."
— Refers to those who persist in disbelief and are led further astray.
"And if you invite them to guidance, they will not follow you. It is the same for you whether you invite them or you are silent."
— About idols or idol worshipers who cannot respond to prayers.
"Indeed, those you [polytheists] call upon besides Allah are servants like you..."
— Critique of polytheism and idol worship.
"And those you call upon besides Him are unable to help you, nor can they help themselves."
— Reiterates the powerlessness of idols.
"If you invite them to guidance, they do not hear..."
— Continues criticism of idol worship.
"They ask you about the bounties [of war]. Say, 'The [decision concerning] bounties is for Allah and the Messenger.' So fear Allah and amend that which is between you and obey Allah and His Messenger, if you should be believers."
— The theme of belief vs disbelief begins from the opening.
"Just as your Lord brought you out of your home in truth, while indeed, a party among the believers were unwilling, arguing with you concerning the truth after it had become clear, as if they were being driven to death while they were looking on."
— Indirectly contrasts believers' doubts with clear truth vs rejection, linking to later condemnation of disbelievers.
"[Remember] when your Lord inspired to the angels, 'I am with you, so strengthen those who have believed. I will cast terror into the hearts of those who disbelieved, so strike [them] upon the necks and strike from them every fingertip.'"
— Directly mentions disbelievers (kafaru) being punished in battle.
"That is because they opposed Allah and His Messenger. And whoever opposes Allah and His Messenger – indeed, Allah is severe in penalty."
— Refers to the punishment for those who reject the message.
"That [is yours], so taste it. And indeed for the disbelievers is the punishment of the Fire."
— Clear condemnation of disbelievers (kafirin).
"O you who have believed, when you meet those who disbelieve advancing [for battle], do not turn your backs to them in flight..."
— Disbelievers are identified as battlefield enemies.
"...you did not kill them, but it was Allah who killed them..."
— Refers to divine intervention against disbelievers.
"Indeed, the worst of living creatures in the sight of Allah are the deaf and dumb who do not use reason."
— Commonly interpreted as referring to those who reject faith.
"And [remember, O Muhammad], when those who disbelieved plotted against you to restrain you or kill you or evict you..."
— Explicit mention of those who disbelieved (kafaru) conspiring against the Prophet.
"But why should Allah not punish them while they obstruct [people] from al-Masjid al-Haram..."
"Their prayer at the House was nothing but whistling and clapping of hands..."
— Criticizes the pagan rituals of idol worshipers (mushrikun) in Makkah.
"Indeed, those who disbelieve spend their wealth to avert [people] from the way of Allah..."
— Clear mention of disbelievers trying to block faith.
"Say to those who have disbelieved that if they cease, what has previously occurred will be forgiven for them..."
— Direct appeal to disbelievers (kafaru).
"And fight them until there is no more fitnah and [until] the religion, all of it, is for Allah..."
— Refers to polytheistic opposition to Islam.
"Indeed, the worst of living creatures in the sight of Allah are those who have disbelieved – and they will not [ever] believe."
— Strong statement against disbelievers.
"Those who disbelieve are allies of one another. If you do not do so, there will be fitnah on earth and great corruption."
— Indicates unity among disbelievers against believers.
This surah, revealed after the Battle of Badr, heavily focuses on military conflict, divine judgment, and the moral and spiritual divide between believers and disbelievers, especially idol-worshiping Quraysh.
Surah At-Tawbah (Chapter 9) is one of the most direct and stern chapters regarding disbelievers and polytheists, particularly in the context of treaties, battles, and religious integrity.
"Freedom from obligation [is declared] from Allah and His Messenger to those with whom you made a treaty among the polytheists."
— Explicit mention of polytheists (mushrikun).
"...Allah is free from obligation to the polytheists, and so is His Messenger..."
— Reiterates separation from idolaters.
"And when the sacred months have passed, then kill the polytheists wherever you find them, capture them and besiege them and lie in wait for them at every place of ambush. But if they repent, establish prayer, and give zakah, let them go their way. Indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful."
— One of the most cited and debated verses referring to mushrikun.
"How can there be a treaty with the polytheists while, if they gain dominance over you, they do not observe concerning you any pact..."
— Questions trustworthiness of idol worshipers.
"But if they break their oaths after their treaty and defame your religion, then fight the leaders of disbelief..."
— Targets leaders of kufr (disbelief).
"It is not for the polytheists to maintain the mosques of Allah while witnessing against themselves with disbelief..."
— Denies polytheists access to mosques.
"O you who have believed, do not take your fathers or your brothers as allies if they have preferred disbelief over belief..."
— Strong admonition against alliances with kuffar.
"O you who have believed, indeed the polytheists are unclean, so let them not approach al-Masjid al-Haram after this year..."
— Bans polytheists from the sacred mosque.
"Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful and who do not adopt the religion of truth from those who were given the Scripture – [fight] until they give the jizyah willingly while they are humbled."
— Addresses non-Muslims, particularly People of the Book, but also linked to disbelievers.
"The Jews say, 'Ezra is the son of Allah'; and the Christians say, 'The Messiah is the son of Allah.' That is their statement from their mouths; they imitate the saying of those who disbelieved before..."
— Equates Christian and Jewish theological claims with disbelief.
"...And those who hoard gold and silver and spend it not in the way of Allah – give them tidings of a painful punishment..."
— Often linked to hypocrites and disbelievers.
"O you who have believed, what is [the matter] with you that, when you are told to go forth in the cause of Allah, you cling heavily to the earth?... If you do not go forth, He will punish you with a painful punishment..."
— A warning often directed at those reluctant to fight, including hypocrites and disbelievers.
"Allah has promised the hypocrite men and hypocrite women and the disbelievers the fire of Hell..."
— Groups hypocrites and disbelievers (kuffar) together.
"O Prophet, fight against the disbelievers and the hypocrites and be harsh upon them..."
— Clear command to oppose both kuffar and hypocrites.
"Whether you ask forgiveness for them or do not ask forgiveness for them – even if you should ask forgiveness for them seventy times – never will Allah forgive them..."
— Refers to hypocrites, often equated with internal disbelievers.
"It is not for the Prophet and those who have believed to ask forgiveness for the polytheists, even if they were relatives..."
— Strong stance on polytheists even within families.
"O you who have believed, fight those adjacent to you of the disbelievers and let them find in you harshness..."
— Final directive in this chapter addressing disbelievers.
Prophet Yusuf (Joseph) speaks to his fellow prisoners:
"O [my] two companions of prison, are separate lords better or Allah, the One, the Prevailing?"
"You worship not besides Him except [mere] names you have named them – you and your fathers – for which Allah has sent down no authority. Legislation is not but for Allah. He has commanded that you worship not except Him. That is the correct religion, but most of the people do not know."
🔸 Mentions:
Refutes idol worship
Critiques polytheism as falsehood based on names without divine sanction
States Tawheed (oneness of God) as the true faith
"And most of them do not believe in Allah except while they associate others with Him."
🔸 Mentions:
Clear reference to shirk (associating partners with Allah)
Suggests partial belief mixed with polytheism
These are the only direct verses in Surah Yusuf referring to:
Idol worship (shirk)
Polytheism
Deviation from monotheism (Tawheed)
